نشریه یافته های نوین کشاورزی
سال نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 35، بهار 1394)

Planting pattern through changing in vegetative growth and beneficiary by environmental factors effect on safflower yield and yield components. In order to evaluate effect of rows spacing and planting density on yield and yield components of two cultivars safflower, this study carried out in split plot factorial experiment on base of randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Field of Islamic Azad University of Karaj branch in March 2011. The main plot was rows spacing in three levels (30, 45 cm in flat planting and 60 cm in bed planting) and sub plots were cultivars in two levels (L5 and Goldasht) and plant density in two levels (35 and 45 plants.m-2). Measured traits include seed yield, number of stem.plant-1, number of head.plant-1, number of seed.head-1 and 1000 seed weight. Results indicate that rows spacing had no significant effect on number of stem.plant-1, number of head.plant-1, number of seed.head-1 and 1000 seed weight. But seed yield decreased by increase in row spacing. Plant density had no significant effect on number of stem.plant-1, number of seed.head-1 and 1000 seed weight, but had significant effect (P<0/05) on number of head.plant-1 and significant effect (P<0/01) on seed yield. Also plant density had significant effect (P<0/05) on number of head.plant-1. 1000 seed weight increased by increase in plant density, but seed yield, number of stem.plant-1, number of head.plant-1 and number of seed.head-1 decreased by increase in plant density. Highest level of seed yield obtained in 30 cm row space and 35 plants.m-2 in L5 cultivar with 5804/30 kg/ha. Lowest level of seed yield obtained in 60 cm row space and 45 plants.m-2 in L5 cultivar with 1685/78 kg/ha. As for optimum effect of safflower evenly dispensation in unit area and adaptation in bed planting method, it seems that this planting pattern would be suitable for spring planting of safflower under conditions similar to this experiment.

This research was conducted to determine the effects of Fe ferilizer application rates and density on grain yield and yield-related plant characteristics of popcorn in Arak, located at central part region of IRAN during 2011. The experiment was designed in a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement with three replications. Fe doses of 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg 1000-1 were arranged in the main plots and density 6, 7.4, 8.8 and 10.2 plants m2 were considered as sub-plots.. Among the physiological parameters and analysis of net absorption was less affected by fe fertilizer. Absorption curve analysis showed a net decline during the growing season. The results showed that with increasing density, leaf area index, LAI durability and increased plant growth. The increased density reduces absorption was purified and analyzed. Increasing LAI increased light absorption in fieldIncrease photosynthetic capacity of plants that will eventually lead to increased performance. Much of the growth rate of density increase was related to increased leaf area index.

The main resaon for the low quality and quantity yield of plants is Lack of attention to nutrition with micro-nutrients on poaceae family and other crops. In order to investigate the effect of Iron, Zinc and mycorrhiza on barley yield and yield components, a field study was conducted during 2013-14 years in agricultural experimental station of Islamic Azad University Arak branch. A factorial experiment was arranged in randomized complete block desing with three replication. Three Levels of Zn, Z1 (no application), Z2 (25 kg/ha-1) and Z3 (50 kg/ha-1) were used. Mycorrhiza fungi including no inoculation and Glomus intraradices and three levels of Iron (no application, 2/5 kg/ha-1 and 5 kg/ha-1) were used. Simple effect of Mycorrhiza on yield showed highest grain yield with (3.90 ton/ha-1) was obtained from Glomus intraradices. Highest levels of straw yield with 3.43 was obtained in treatment Glomus intraradices. The simple effect of mycorrhiza, Iron and Zinc showed the highest biologic yield with 6.91, 6.70, 6.49 was obtained in treatment Glomus intraradices, 5 kg/ha-1 Iron and 100 kg/ha-1.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate solublizing bacteria and chemical phosphorus on three varieties of potato.Arandomized complete block design whit a split split plot layout was used in three replication.This investigation was carried out in a farm in Enaj, one of the environs of Arak. The result show that the use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and its con frontation with other factors, were significantly affected the studied qualities about wet weight a erial part, wet weight of tubers, dry weight of tubers, the phosphorus content of tubers and prominent of baruest. It caused significantly in creasing in yield parameters, especially tubers yield comparing to chemical treatment at 1% level. The result also showed that the interaction effect of phosphate solubizing bacteria and chemical hosphorus, showed significant advantage in qualities of wet weight and dry weight of aerial part, dry weight of tuber, number of main stems per plant, Biomous yield and the phosphorus content per bush at 5%level. There was no significant difference at application treatment of phosphate solublizing bacteria with 75kg of chemical phosphate, in the yield aspect with the application of 15kg chemicalphosphate fertilizer. The results show that the application of chemical phosphorus in the most qualities suchas yield of tuber, the percentage of absorbed phosphorus, phosphate content of bush, dry weight of aerial part and biomas yield. Showed difference at 1% level and lead to the most result.

In order to evaluate the effects of differents treatments on seed, dormancy breaking treatments on fennel, germination stimulating and seeding growth on two fennel varieties (Shiraz and Bushehr). In one experiment was conducted as spilet factorial in compeletly randomized design with four replications in seed technology research laboratory of Islamic Azad University (Isfahan Branch) in 2014. In the experiment cold stratification levels were main plots and factorial of vareties and dormancy breaking treatments were subplots. Cold strification treatments include moist chilling for 0, 15, 30, and 45 days. Fennel varietieswere Shiraz and Bushehr. Dormancy breaking treatments included the following: 10 µm 6-benzylaminopurine (BA); 10 FM kinetin (KI); 6-benzylaminopurine +gibberellic acid, gibberellic acid + kinetin, kinetin+6-benzylaminopurine; gibberellic acid + 6-benzylaminopurine + kinetin (with the same concentrations), distilled water; 0/4 percent Aminol- Forte fertilizer. Chilling significantly increased, germination percentage (GP), coleoptile length (CL), radical l ength (RL), germination rate (GR), and seed - vigor index (SVI) (P>0.05). The highest values of these traits were treated for 15 days stratification. The effect of dormancy breaking treatments on all traits except germination uniformity and germination rate was significant at (P> 0.01) Treatments with BA, KI, Amino l - Forte, and distilled water significantly increased all the Characteristic parameters of fennel germination compared with those of other treatments. The Shiraz variety had significantly greate, GP, CL, RL, and SVI than those of the Busheh Variety (P>0.05).

Inorder to investijation the effect of source and sink relationship and the planting systems in the rice of Fajr cultivar, an experiment performed in the rice investigations institute of researches center in Amol at 2010. This experiment performed as split plot with 3 replication. Different planting system including three levels (traditional planting, improved planting and SRI planting) were cutting in main plots and 3 levels of sink- source relations (omitting)1/3 panicle, omitting flag leaf and control in flowering) were allocated in sub plots. maximum grain yield(873/9 gram at m2) produced under system of improved planting. Grain yield has significant increasing in the improved planting compared to traditional and or SRI planting to 18/3% and 25/1 % respectively; because maximum and minimum number of empty spikelet in the panicle obtained respectively for SRI and improved planting systems. Minimum number of empty spikelet in the per panicle producedin cutting of 1/3 panicle that has significant decrease in comparision to control at 39/5 ratio that showing limitation of photo synthesis source in the fair cultivar. Number of empty spikelet at ten panical obtained by cutting of flag leaf have increased about 7/3% compared with control that showing importance of filled in spikelet the flag leaf. Grain yield decreased about 16/4% by cutting flag leaf compared to control. Treatment Intraction effect of different planting systems with source- sink relations was significant only on the number of empty spikelet on panicle, statistically 5 percent.

In order to evaluate the intercropping indices of maize and lentil, a factorial experiment was conducted during 2012 in Agricultural Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch, Iran, based on randomized complete block design in 3 replicates. Studied factors were planting dates of lentil: 26th April, 6th May, and 16th May and density rates of lentil: 12.5%, 25%, 37.5%, 50% and 100% of optimum density. The results showed that Land Equivalent Ratio in all intercropped treatments except of planting date of 6th May with 12.5% optimum density was greater than 1. The maximum Relative Value Total (1.42) was obtained from first planting date with 12.5% of lentil density. Considering the importance of Relative Value Total of the product as a economic index in evaluating the intercrop, it is clear that first date of lentil planting (26th April) with 12.5% optimum density intercropped with maize was most advantageous over other mixed treatments.

In order to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizers and manure on grain yield and yield components, a field experiment was conducted in the Agriculture Research Field, Babolsar, Iran, in 2012 crop season. This experiment was carried out with two factors, in a split plot arrangements using Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Manure (Cow) fertilizer (10, 20, 30 t/ha) were assigned to main plots and Nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150 kg/ha) were randomized in sub plots. The results indicated that the use of nitrogen fertilizer on traits such as plant height, cob diameter, number of grains per ear, grain yield, 1000- grain weight and biological yield was significance at 5% level. The highest and lowest grain yield was obtained from 150 kg N/ha and without application of nitrogen respectively. The different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer on traits such as ear length, number of rows per ear, cob length and harvest index were not significant. Manure application had not significant effect on any traits, except number of grains per ear,1000- grain weight and harvest index. Manure treatments were not significant due to de composition gradually and therefore can not release enough nutrients, especially nitrogen. The manure should be added to the soil for several consecutive years to show its effect on soil and plants. The interaction of nitrogen fertilizer and manure on ear diameter and biological yield at 5%level should significant effect. The highest grain yield was produced from 30 ton/ha farm yard manure (FYM) +100kg N/ha treatments.